IoT devices are found everywhere and will enable circulatory intelligence in the future. For operational perception, it is important and useful to understand how various IoT devices communicate with each other. Communication models used in IoT have great value. The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time, any space, with anything andContinue reading “Communication models in IOT”
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Communication Models in IoT (Internet of Things )IoT devices are found everywhere and will enable circulatory intelligence in the future. For operational perception, it is important and useful to understand how various IoT devices communicate with each other. Communication models used in IoT have great value. The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time, any space, with anything and anyone, using any network and any service.Types of Communication Model :1. Request & Response Model – This model follows a client-server architecture.The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This request is usually in the encoded format.This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and each request is independently handled.The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its resource representation. This data is converted to response and is transferred in an encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives the response.On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a request to the server and the server responds to the request. When the server receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client.2. Publisher-Subscriber Model –This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers. Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the consumer to which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is unaware of.3. Push-Pull Model – The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push the data and consumers pull the data.4. Exclusive Pair –Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication among client and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the client sends a request to close the connection.The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open connections.WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.IoT devices are found everywhere and will enable circulatory intelligence in the future. For operational perception, it is important and useful to understand how various IoT devices communicate with each other. Communication models used in IoT have great value. The IoTs allow people and things to be connected any time, any space, with anything and anyone, using any network and any service.Types of Communication Model :Request & Response Model –This model follows a client-server architecture.The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This request is usually in the encoded format.This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained and each request is independently handled.The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database and its resource representation. This data is converted to response and is transferred in an encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives the response.On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client sends a request to the server and the server responds to the request. When the server receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data retrieves resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client.Publisher-Subscriber Model –This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding the consumer to which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is unaware of.Push-Pull Model –The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data queues.Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push the data and consumers pull the data.Exclusive Pair –Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication among client and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the client sends a request to close the connection.The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open connections.WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.
IOT business opportunities
Internet of Things Business Opportunities is in a wide number of industries. Here, we will look after all of them in detail: Medical & Fitness Fitness wearables are connected to the Internet so that they can interact with our smartphones. A fitness ring connected to an IoT system and syncing could provide a lot ofContinue reading “IOT business opportunities”
Manufacture of sulphur
Production of Sulphur carried out in three basic ways: Mined through the use of wells drilled to sulphur deposits and worked with the “Frasch” method; Extracted from the oil or gas stream at a processing plant; Scraped from the surface of the earth or dug out of open pits. “Crude” sulfur is produced from theContinue reading “Manufacture of sulphur”
Manufacture of bleaching powder
Bleaching Powder chemical composition: Ca(ClO)2CaCl2Ca(OH)2.2H2O Calcium hypochlorite – Ca(OCl)2Ca(OCl)2 is a white, corrosive solid that comes either in tablet form or as a granular powder in the market. It easily emits chlorine gas easily when it contacts with water or moisture. Raw Materials of bleaching powder manufacturing process Limestone (CaCO3) – to obtain calcium oxideContinue reading “Manufacture of bleaching powder”
Introduction to fertilizer
1.1 Introduction A fertilizer is a material that furnishes one or more of the chemical elements necessary for the proper development and growth of plants. The most important fertilizers are fertilizer products (also called chemical or mineral fertilizers), manures, and plant residues. A fertilizer product is a material produced by industrial processes with the specificContinue reading “Introduction to fertilizer”
Manufacture of urea
THE UREA MANUFACTURING PROCESS Urea is produced from ammonia and carbon dioxide in two equilibrium reactions: 2NH3 + CO2 ! NH2COONH4 ammonium carbamate NH2COONH4 ! NH2CONH2 + H2O urea The urea manufacturing process, shown schematically in Figure 2, is designed to maximise these reactions while inhibiting biuret formation: 2NH2CONH2 ! NH2CONHCONH2 + NH3 biuret ThisContinue reading “Manufacture of urea”
Manufacture of sodium carbonate
There are two main sources of sodium carbonate:a) from salt and calcium carbonate (via the ammonia soda (Solvay) process)b) from sodium carbonate and hydrogencarbonate ores (trona and nahcolite) (a) From sodium chloride and calcium carbonate The overall reaction can be regarded as between calcium carbonate and sodium chloride: However, calcium carbonate is too insoluble toContinue reading “Manufacture of sodium carbonate”
Manufacture of sodium chloride
Sodium Chloride, with the molecular formula NaCl, is an ionic compound. Sodium Chloride is known as salt as well. It occurs in coastal waters and oceans. It is also present in the form of rock salt. NaCl is consist of approximately 1 per cent to 5 per cent seawater. It is a white crystalline solid. TheContinue reading “Manufacture of sodium chloride”
Manufacture of sodium bicarbonate
What is Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. ItContinue reading “Manufacture of sodium bicarbonate”
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